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Atlante - Revue d'études romanes - Tag violence https://atlante.univ-lille.fr/tag/violence fr Tue, 21 Apr 2020 19:32:00 +0200 PluXml 02. Dire la mort à l'ère du capitalisme tardif: une lecture de <em>Style</em>, de Dolores Dorantes https://atlante.univ-lille.fr/02-dire-la-mort-a-l-ere-du-capitalisme-tardif-une-lecture-de-style-de-dolores-dorantes.html https://atlante.univ-lille.fr/02-dire-la-mort-a-l-ere-du-capitalisme-tardif-une-lecture-de-style-de-dolores-dorantes.html <p>Victor Martinez<br />Universit&eacute; de Lille<br />ALITHILA EA 1060 / CECILLE EA 4074<br />p.38-50.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Victor Martinez, &laquo; </strong><strong>Dire le mal &agrave; l&rsquo;&egrave;re du capitalisme tardif&nbsp;: une lecture de <em>Style</em>, de Dolores Dorantes</strong><strong>&nbsp;&raquo;.</strong></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>R&eacute;sum&eacute;&nbsp;:</strong> La litt&eacute;rature transcrit des crises d&rsquo;ordre politique ou social. &laquo;&nbsp;Capitalisme&nbsp;tardif&nbsp;&raquo; est l&rsquo;un des noms de la crise actuelle et <em>Style</em>, de Dolores Dorantes, l&rsquo;une de ses transpositions en litt&eacute;rature. Le f&eacute;minicide de Ciudad Ju&aacute;rez est le sujet du livre de po&eacute;sie paru en 2011. Le capitalisme tardif en se d&eacute;truisant d&eacute;truit les rep&egrave;res, les institutions et les lois anthropologiques qui r&eacute;gissent les relations entre humains. <em>Style </em>red&eacute;finit la fonction victimaire et par-del&agrave; cette fonction la relation auteur-lecteur. Les codes litt&eacute;raires &eacute;clatent, le lecteur doit prendre parti et par-del&agrave; la di&eacute;g&egrave;se sa position muette est d&eacute;nonc&eacute;e par l&rsquo;&oelig;uvre qui n&rsquo;est plus litt&eacute;rature mais m&eacute;talitt&eacute;rature. Dans <em>Style</em>, la pulsion libidinale qui motive les actes du bourreau est la m&ecirc;me que celle qui guide le capitalisme, et dans les deux cas, elle est d&eacute;r&eacute;alis&eacute;e par les victimes, les consommateurs-consomm&eacute;s. Le parall&egrave;le est patent, la d&eacute;construction du d&eacute;sir &eacute;quivalente, la destruction de la vie des individus identique. La d&eacute;monstration de l&rsquo;autrice est implacable&nbsp;: si on tue des femmes &agrave; Ciudad Ju&aacute;rez c&rsquo;est en cons&eacute;quence de la mani&egrave;re dont le capitalisme tardif a organis&eacute; le d&eacute;sir&nbsp;: une d&eacute;pr&eacute;dation des corps et des objets, une d&eacute;pr&eacute;dation des corps en tant qu&rsquo;objets. C&rsquo;est ce d&eacute;sir destructeur et autodestructeur que l&rsquo;autrice met &agrave; nu et destitue de son pouvoir de mort, tout en appelant &agrave; la m&eacute;moire des victimes et &agrave; la n&eacute;cessaire protection de ceux qui d&eacute;noncent la violence.</p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Mots-cl&eacute;s&nbsp;:</strong> capitalisme tardif, f&eacute;minicide, po&eacute;sie, m&eacute;talitt&eacute;rature,&nbsp;violence.</p> <p style="text-align: justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><strong>Victor Martinez</strong>,&ldquo;Decir el mal en la era del capitalismo tard&iacute;o: una lectura de <em>Estilo</em> de Dolores Dorantes&rdquo;.</strong></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Resumen:</strong> La literatura transcribe crisis de orden pol&iacute;tico o social. &ldquo;Capitalismo tard&iacute;o&rdquo; es uno de los nombres de la crisis actual y <em>Estilo</em>, de Dolores Dorantes, una de sus transposiciones en literatura. El feminicidio de Ciudad Ju&aacute;rez es el tema de dicho poemario publicado en el 2011. El capitalismo tard&iacute;o se destruye a s&iacute; mismo destruyendo las referencias, las instituciones y las leyes antropol&oacute;gicas que rigen las relaciones entre seres humanos. <em>Estilo</em> define otramente la funci&oacute;n victimaria y m&aacute;s all&aacute; de eso la relaci&oacute;n entre autor y lector. Los c&oacute;digos literarios estallan, el lector debe tomar partido y m&aacute;s all&aacute; de la di&eacute;gesis su posici&oacute;n muda es denunciada por la obra que no es ya literatura sino metaliteratura. En <em>Estilo</em>, la pulsi&oacute;n libidinal que motiva los actos del verdugo es la misma que la que gu&iacute;a el capitalismo, y en los dos casos, es desrealizada por las v&iacute;ctimas, los consumidores-consumidos. El paralelo es patente, la deconstrucci&oacute;n del deseo equivalente, la destrucci&oacute;n de la vida de los individuos id&eacute;ntica. La demostraci&oacute;n de la autora es implacable: si matan a mujeres en Ciudad Ju&aacute;rez es una consecuencia de la manera en que el capitalismo tard&iacute;o ha organizado el deseo: una depredaci&oacute;n de los cuerpos y de los bienes, una depredaci&oacute;n de los cuerpos como objetos. Es ese deseo destructor y autodestructor que la autora pone al desnudo y destituye de su poder de muerte, apelando al mismo tiempo a la memoria de las v&iacute;ctimas y a la necesaria protecci&oacute;n de quien denuncia la violencia.</p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Palabras clave:</strong> capitalismo tard&iacute;o, feminicidio, poes&iacute;a, metaliteratura, violencia.</p> <p style="text-align: justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><strong>Victor Martinez</strong>, &ldquo;Wording evil in the age of late capitalism: reading <em>Style</em> by Dolores Dorantes&rdquo;</strong><strong>.</strong></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Abstract:</strong> Literature transcribes political or social crises. &ldquo;Late capitalism&rdquo; is one of the names of the actual crisis and <em>Style</em>, of Dolores Dorantes, one of his transpositions in literature. The Ciudad Ju&aacute;rez feminicide is the subject of the poetry book published in 2011. Late capitalism by destroying himself is destroying the benchmarks, the institutions and the anthropological laws which govern relations between humans. <em>Style</em> redefines victim&rsquo;s function and beyond this function the author-lector&rsquo;s relation. Literary codes explode, lector have to take sides and beyond the diegesis his mute position is denounced by the work which is not literature but metaliterature. In <em>Style</em>, the libidinal impulse which motivates torturer&rsquo;s acts is the same as that which guides capitalism, and in both cases, it is undone by victims, the consumers-consumed. Parallel is obvious, desire&rsquo;s deconstruction equivalent, the destruction of the lifes identical. The author&rsquo;s demonstration is implacable: if women are killed in Ciudad Ju&aacute;rez, it is the consequence of the way late capitalism organized desire: a depredation of bodies and objects, a depredation of bodies as objects. It is this destroying desire that the author exposes and removes from his power of death, while calling memory of victims and the necessary safeguards for those who denounce violence.</p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Keywords:</strong> late capitalism, feminicide, poetry, metaliterature, violence.</p> <p><a href="https://atlante.univ-lille.fr/data/images/atlante-11/38-49-02.-martinez-dire-la-mort-a-l-e-re-du-capitalisme-tardif.pdf">T&eacute;l&eacute;charger l'article complet ( pdf, 158 Kb)</a></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> Tue, 21 Apr 2020 19:32:00 +0200 marianne.bloch-robin 05. Du concept de « libération » à la justification théologique de la violence révolutionnaire : quatre articles de Rubén Dri publiés dans <em>Cristianismo</em> y <em>Revolución</em> (1966-1971)</em> https://atlante.univ-lille.fr/05-du-concept-de-liberation-a-la-justification-theologique-de-la-violence-revolutionnaire-quatre-articles-de-ruben-dri-publies-dans-emcristianismo-em-y-emrevolucion-em-1966-1971-em.html https://atlante.univ-lille.fr/05-du-concept-de-liberation-a-la-justification-theologique-de-la-violence-revolutionnaire-quatre-articles-de-ruben-dri-publies-dans-emcristianismo-em-y-emrevolucion-em-1966-1971-em.html <p>Nicolas Dobrowolski<br />Universit&eacute; de Lille<br />p. 101-124.</p><p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong>Nicolas DOBROWOLSKI, &laquo; Du concept de &ldquo;lib&eacute;ration&rdquo; &agrave; la justification th&eacute;ologique de la violence r&eacute;volutionnaire : quatre articles de Rub&eacute;n Dri publi&eacute;s dans <em>Cristianismo</em> <em>y</em> <em>Revoluci&oacute;n</em> (1966-1971) &raquo;.</strong></p> <p><strong>R&eacute;sum&eacute;.</strong> Cet article se propose d&rsquo;&eacute;tudier la relation entre th&eacute;ologie de la lib&eacute;ration et violence, red&eacute;finie &agrave; partir de son &eacute;tymologie comme une force et analys&eacute;e selon ses origines diverses (violence structurelle, violence insurrectionnelle) par le P&egrave;re Rub&eacute;n Dri. Le th&eacute;ologien argentin offre une lecture tr&egrave;s politique du Nouveau Testament, et fait de l&rsquo;engagement du chr&eacute;tien un devoir moral. La foi devient ainsi un vecteur de changements socio-politiques radicaux o&ugrave; l&rsquo;usage de la violence est parfois pleinement justifi&eacute;e. Le contexte turbulent des ann&eacute;es 1960 et 1970 dans le C&ocirc;ne sud et l&rsquo;importance du christianisme dans l&rsquo;identit&eacute; argentine expliquent la port&eacute;e de cette th&eacute;ologie r&eacute;volutionnaire.</p> <p><strong>Mots-cl&eacute;s.</strong>&nbsp;Rub&eacute;n Dri, th&eacute;ologie, lib&eacute;ration, violence, Argentine, r&eacute;volution.<br /><br /><br /><strong>Nicolas DOBROWOLSKI, &laquo; Del concepto de "liberaci&oacute;n" a la justificaci&oacute;n de la teolog&iacute;a de la violencia revolucionaria: cuatro art&iacute;culos de Rub&eacute;n Dri publicados en <em>Cristianismo y Revoluci&oacute;n</em>&nbsp;(1966-1971) &raquo;.</strong></p> <p><strong>Resumen.</strong> Este art&iacute;culo propone estudiar la relaci&oacute;n entre teolog&iacute;a de la liberaci&oacute;n y violencia, redefinida a partir de su etimolog&iacute;a como una fuerza y analizada seg&uacute;n sus or&iacute;genes (violencia estructural, violencia insurreccional) por el padre Rub&eacute;n Dri. El te&oacute;logo argentino brinda una lectura muy pol&iacute;tica del Nuevo Testamento, y hace del compromiso del cristiano un deber moral. As&iacute;, pues, la fe se convierte en&nbsp;vector de cambios sociopol&iacute;ticos radicales en los que el uso de la violencia se justifica plenamente. El contexto turbulento de los a&ntilde;os 1960 y 1970 en el Cono Sur y la importancia del cristianismo en la identidad argentina explican el alcance de esta teolog&iacute;a revolucionaria.</p> <p><strong>Palabras clave.&nbsp;</strong>Rub&eacute;n Dri, teolog&iacute;a, liberaci&oacute;n, violencia, Argentina, revoluci&oacute;n.<br /><br /><br /><strong>Nicolas DOBROWOLSKI, "From the concept of "liberation" to the theological justification of revolutionary violence: four articles by Rub&eacute;n Dri published in <em>Cristianismo y Revoluci&oacute;n </em>(1966-1971)".</strong></p> <p><strong>Abstract.</strong> This article proposes to study the relationship between liberation theology and violence, re-defined from its etymology as a strength, and analyzed according to its origins (structural violence, insurrectionary violence) by Father Rub&eacute;n Dri. The Argentinian theologian offers a very political interpretation of the New Testament, and converts the Christian commitment into a moral duty. In this way, faith becomes a vector of radical sociopolitical changes, in which the use of violence is sometimes fully justifiable. The turbulent context of the sixties and seventies in the Southern Cone and the importance of Christianity in Argentinian identity explain the impact of this revolutionary theology.</p> <p><strong>Keywords.&nbsp;</strong>Rub&eacute;n Dri, liberation theology, violence, Argentina, revolution.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong><a href="https://atlante.univ-lille.fr/data/images/_articles/ATLANTE_4_6.pdf">T&eacute;l&eacute;charger l'article complet (pdf, 340 Kb)</a></strong></p> Tue, 05 Feb 2019 16:09:00 +0100 daniel.ramirezmahecha 12. Œuvres de guerre et tauromachie chez Goya : violence et fascination https://atlante.univ-lille.fr/12-oeuvres-de-guerre-et-tauromachie-chez-goya-violence-et-fascination.html https://atlante.univ-lille.fr/12-oeuvres-de-guerre-et-tauromachie-chez-goya-violence-et-fascination.html <p>Ozvan Bottois<br />Universit&eacute; Paul Val&eacute;ry &ndash; Montpellier 3<br /> p. 257-273.</p><h2 style="text-align: justify;">&nbsp;</h2> <p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Ozvan BOTTOIS, &laquo;&nbsp;&OElig;uvres de guerre et tauromachie chez Goya&nbsp;: violence et fascination&nbsp;&raquo;.</strong></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>R&eacute;sum&eacute;.&nbsp;</strong>Ce travail interroge le rapport de l&rsquo;artiste &agrave; la violence et aux &eacute;v&egrave;nements politiques de son temps. Il propose de rompre avec la vision r&eacute;pandue d&rsquo;un peintre au regard objectif qui pourfendrait la barbarie humaine, en analysant l&rsquo;ambivalence, l&rsquo;ambigu&iuml;t&eacute; qui traversent l&rsquo;ensemble de son &oelig;uvre. &Agrave; travers une br&egrave;ve &eacute;tude compar&eacute;e des s&eacute;ries grav&eacute;es par Goya dans les ann&eacute;es 1810, <em>La Tauromaquia</em> et <em>Los Desastres de la Guerra</em>, une autre image de l&rsquo;artiste &eacute;merge&nbsp;: celle d&rsquo;un peintre pris dans des contradictions irr&eacute;solubles, partag&eacute; entre fascination, r&eacute;signation et indignation face &agrave; la violence des hommes.</p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Mots-cl&eacute;s. </strong>Goya, tauromachie, Guerre d&rsquo;Ind&eacute;pendance, violence.</p> <p style="text-align: justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Ozvan BOTTOIS, &ldquo;Obras de guerra y tauromaquia en el arte de Goya: violencia y fascinaci&oacute;n&rdquo;.</strong></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Resumen.&nbsp;</strong>Este trabajo cuestiona la relaci&oacute;n del artista con la violencia y con los acontecimientos pol&iacute;ticos de su tiempo. Propone romper con la visi&oacute;n ampliamente difundida de un pintor de mirada objetiva, que denuncia la barbarie humana, analizando la ambivalencia y la ambig&uuml;edad que atraviesan el conjunto de su obra. Por medio de un breve estudio comparado de las series grabadas por Goya en los a&ntilde;os 1810, <em>La Tauromaquia</em> y <em>Los Desastres de la Guerra, </em>emerge otra imagen del artista: la de un pintor atrapado en contradicciones irresolubles, dividido entre fascinaci&oacute;n, resignaci&oacute;n e indignaci&oacute;n ante la violencia de los hombres.</p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Palabras clave.&nbsp;</strong>Goya, tauromaquia, Guerra de Independencia, violencia.</p> <p style="text-align: justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Ozvan BOTTOIS, &ldquo;Works of War and Bullfighting in Goya&rsquo;s Art: Violence and Fascination&rdquo;.</strong></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Abstract.&nbsp;</strong>This workquestions the artist&rsquo;s relationship with the violence and the political events of his time. It intends to break from the widespread image of an artist who criticizes human savagery with an objective eye, by analysing the ambivalence and the ambiguity that are to be found throughout his work. Through a brief comparative study of Goya&rsquo;s series engraved in the 1810&rsquo;s, <em>La Tauromaquia</em> and <em>Los Desastres de la Guerra</em>, a different image of the artist emerges: one of a painter caught in unsolvable contradictions, divided between fascination, resignation and outrage in front of human violence.</p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Keywords.&nbsp;</strong>Goya, bullfighting, Peninsular War, violence.</p> <p style="text-align: justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p><strong><a href="https://atlante.univ-lille.fr/data/images/_articles/ATLANTE_6_13.pdf">T&eacute;l&eacute;charger l'article complet (pdf, 503 Kb)</a></strong></p> Thu, 21 Jun 2018 09:17:00 +0200 admin 08. Les <em>Desastres de la guerra</em> à la lumière du droit de guerre et du droit international européen (XVIIIe-XIXe s.) : crime de guerre et tragédie de la culture https://atlante.univ-lille.fr/08-les-desastres-de-la-guerra-a-la-lumiere-du-droit-de-guerre-et-du-droit-international-europeen-xviiie-xixe-s-crime-de-guerre-et-tragedie-de-la-culture.html https://atlante.univ-lille.fr/08-les-desastres-de-la-guerra-a-la-lumiere-du-droit-de-guerre-et-du-droit-international-europeen-xviiie-xixe-s-crime-de-guerre-et-tragedie-de-la-culture.html <p>Fr&eacute;d&eacute;ric Prot<br />Universit&eacute; Bordeaux-Montaigne<br />p. 144-171.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Fr&eacute;d&eacute;ric PROT, &laquo;&nbsp;Les <em>Desastres de la guerra</em> &agrave; la lumi&egrave;re du droit de guerre et du droit international&nbsp;europ&eacute;en (XVIII</strong><strong><sup>e</sup></strong><strong>-XIX</strong><strong><sup>e</sup></strong><strong> s.)&nbsp;: crime de guerre et trag&eacute;die de la culture&nbsp;&raquo;.</strong></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>R&eacute;sum&eacute;.&nbsp;</strong>En 1808, la lutte &agrave; mort contre les troupes napol&eacute;oniennes d&rsquo;occupation releva d&rsquo;abord, aux yeux de Goya, d&rsquo;une <em>guerre juste</em>. Tr&egrave;s vite, cette cat&eacute;gorie th&eacute;oris&eacute;e par saint Augustin allait se brouiller inexorablement du fait, en particulier, de l&rsquo;injonction paradoxale contenue en elle. De sa polarisation entre l&eacute;gitimit&eacute; (du point de vue de la raison politique et du droit naturel) et illic&eacute;it&eacute; (du point de vue de la morale humanitaire et de la raison naturelle) t&eacute;moignent notamment les deuxi&egrave;me et troisi&egrave;me gravures programmatiques des <em>Desastres</em> (&laquo;&nbsp;<em>Con raz&oacute;n o sin ella</em>&nbsp;&raquo; / &laquo;&nbsp;<em>Lo mismo</em>&nbsp;&raquo;). Goya y prend acte de cet &eacute;cart&egrave;lement de la pens&eacute;e entre deux r&eacute;gimes de n&eacute;cessit&eacute; irr&eacute;conciliables. &Agrave; compter de la seconde moiti&eacute; du XVIII<sup>e</sup> si&egrave;cle, un courant du droit europ&eacute;en entreprend de d&eacute;tacher le droit international de ses anciens postulats jusnaturalistes et moraux afin qu&rsquo;il prenne d&eacute;sormais la forme de trait&eacute;s et de conventions de guerre. Ce pragmatisme positiviste va &eacute;clipser non seulement le droit de guerre &ndash; matrice jusqu&rsquo;alors du droit des gens &ndash; mais, avec lui, la philosophie du droit naturel qui le sous-tendait. Le XVIII<sup>e</sup> si&egrave;cle peut ainsi &ecirc;tre d&eacute;crit comme un si&egrave;cle de transition entre deux &acirc;ges et deux &eacute;tats du droit international. Les <em>Desastres de la guerra</em> participent de cette dynamique en signant, eux aussi, l&rsquo;effondrement des grands syst&egrave;mes universels : le droit naturel rationaliste, la morale humanitaire et la religion. Goya n&rsquo;y fait pas seulement &oelig;uvre de m&eacute;morialiste : il contribue, en artiste, &agrave; la d&eacute;finition moderne du &laquo; crime de guerre &raquo; et du &laquo; crime contre l&rsquo;humanit&eacute; &raquo;, deux cat&eacute;gories encore non th&eacute;oris&eacute;es &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;poque. L&rsquo;article s&rsquo;articule selon trois axes : 1&deg;) De la guerre juste &agrave; la guerre totale&nbsp;; 2&deg;) Le crime de guerre au regard du droit naturel, du droit des gens et du droit international&nbsp;; 3&deg;) Crime de guerre et trag&eacute;die de la culture.</p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Mots-cl&eacute;s. </strong>Goya, <em>D&eacute;sastres de la guerre</em>, Droit, crime de guerre, culture, violence, Aby Warburg.</p> <p style="text-align: justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Fr&eacute;d&eacute;ric PROT, &ldquo;Los <em>Desastres de la guerra</em> a la luz del derecho de guerra y del derecho internacional europeo (siglos XVIII y XIX): crimen de guerra y tragedia de la cultura&rdquo;.</strong></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Resumen.&nbsp;</strong>Para el Goya de 1808, la lucha a muerte contra las tropas napole&oacute;nicas de ocupaci&oacute;n se enmarcaba en la categor&iacute;a de la guerra justa, teorizada por San Agust&iacute;n. Pronto &eacute;sta se enturbi&oacute; por efecto, en particular, del doble constre&ntilde;imiento inherente a ella. De su polarizaci&oacute;n entre legitimidad (para la raz&oacute;n pol&iacute;tica y el derecho natural) e ilicitud (para la moral humanitaria y la raz&oacute;n natural) dan fe las l&aacute;minas 2 y 3 de los <em>Desastres de la guerra</em> (&ldquo;Con raz&oacute;n o sin ella&rdquo; / &ldquo;Lo mismo&rdquo;) en las que el pensamiento se ve tironeado por dos reg&iacute;menes de necesidad irreconciliables. Desde mediados del siglo XVIII, una corriente del derecho europeo pretende separar el derecho internacional de sus antiguos postulados iusnaturalistas y morales para reformularlo a trav&eacute;s de tratados y convenciones de guerra. Como correlato de este pragmatismo positivista, se eclipsar&aacute;n no solamente el derecho de guerra &ndash; matriz del derecho de gentes &ndash; sino tambi&eacute;n la filosof&iacute;a del derecho natural en la que se sustentaba &eacute;ste. El siglo XVIII se presenta as&iacute; como un siglo de transici&oacute;n entre dos &eacute;pocas y dos modalidades del derecho internacional. Los <em>Desastres de la guerra</em> participan de esta din&aacute;mica al levantar acta, tambi&eacute;n, del desplome de los grandes sistemas universales: el derecho natural racionalista, la moral humanitaria y la religi&oacute;n. Goya no act&uacute;a solamente como memorialista: tambi&eacute;n contribuye, como artista, a la definici&oacute;n moderna del &ldquo;crimen de guerra&rdquo; y del &ldquo;crimen contra la humanidad&rdquo;, dos categor&iacute;as todav&iacute;a no teorizadas en su d&iacute;a. El art&iacute;culo se organiza seg&uacute;n tres ejes: 1&deg;) De la guerra justa a la guerra total; 2&deg;) El crimen de guerra enfocado desde el derecho natural, el derecho de gentes y el derecho internacional; 3&deg;) Crimen de guerra y tragedia de la cultura.</p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Palabras clave. </strong>Goya, <em>Desastres de la guerra</em>, Derecho, crimen de guerra, cultura, violencia, Aby Warburg.</p> <p style="text-align: justify;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Fr&eacute;d&eacute;ric PROT, &ldquo;The <em>Desastres de la guerra</em> in Light of the Law of War and European International Law (18<sup>th</sup> and 19<sup>th</sup> centuries): War Crime and Tragedy of Culture&rdquo;.</strong></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Abstract.&nbsp;</strong>In 1808, the life and death struggle against Napoleon&rsquo;s occupation troops first came under the category of &ldquo;<em>just war</em>&rdquo;, in the eyes of Goya. But this notion theorized by Saint Augustine would then inexorably become muddled, particularly because of the paradoxical injunction it contained. The second and third programmatic prints of the <em>Desastres</em> (&ldquo;<em>Con raz&oacute;n o sin ella</em>&rdquo; / &ldquo;<em>Lo mismo</em>&rdquo;) for instance, show its polarization between legitimacy &ndash; from the point of view of political reason and natural law &ndash;, and illegality &ndash; from the point of view of humanitarian moral and natural reason. Here Goya duly records how the mind is torn between two irreconcilable systems of necessity. Starting in the second half of the 18<sup>th</sup> century, a trend of European law began to distinguish international law from its former jusnaturalist and moral postulates in order to give it, from this moment on, the form of treatises and war conventions. This positivist pragmatism will not only outshine the law of war, which had been until then the matrix of <em>jus gentium</em>, along with it, it will also outshine the philosophy of natural law which underlay it. The 18<sup>th</sup> century can thus be described as a century of transition between two ages and two states of international law. The <em>Desastres de la guerra</em> equally contribute to this dynamic by tolling the death knell of the great universal systems: rationalist natural law, humanitarian moral and religion. Here, Goya does not only act as a memorialist: he also contributes, as an artist, to the modern definition of &ldquo;war crime&rdquo; and &ldquo;crime against humanity&rdquo;, two categories which had not yet been theorized at the time. The article revolves around three lines: 1&deg;) From just war to total war; 2&deg;) War crime in relation to natural law, <em>jus gentium </em>and international law; 3&deg;) War crime and tragedy of culture.</p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Keywords.</strong> Goya, <em>Desastres de la Guerra</em>, Law, war crime, culture, violence, Aby Warburg.</p> <h2>&nbsp;</h2> <p><strong><a href="https://atlante.univ-lille.fr/data/images/_articles/ATLANTE_6_9.pdf">T&eacute;l&eacute;charger l'article complet (pdf, 319 Kb)</a></strong></p> Thu, 21 Jun 2018 09:14:00 +0200 admin